목차
Title page
Contents
Summary 2
Introduction 4
Life Expectancy in the United States 5
Measuring Gaps in Life Expectancy 11
The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income: Recent Evidence 13
Implications for Social Security Benefits 20
Recent Evidence 22
Policy Considerations for Proposals That Increase the Retirement Age 28
Estimated Impacts of Policy to Increase Earliest Eligibility Age and Full Retirement Age 29
Effect of Proposals to Increase the Earliest Eligibility Age 29
Effect of Proposals to Increase the Full Retirement Age 31
Conclusion 33
Appendix. Summary of Selected Studies on the Life Expectancy Gap by Income 34
Author Information 37
Acknowledgments 37
Disclaimer 37
Figure 1. Life Expectancy by Sex at Birth and Age 65, 1950-2018 9
Figure 2. Life Expectancy by Race at Birth and Age 65, 1950-2018 10
Figure 3. Life Expectancy at Age 65 for Male Workers, by Birth Year and Earnings 14
Figure 4. Life Expectancy at Age 50 for Males and Females Born in 1930 and 1960, by Income Quintile 17
Figure 5. Life Expectancy for Males and Females Born in 1920 and 1940, by Income Decile 19
Figure 6. Average Lifetime Social Security Benefits for Males and Females Born in 1930 and 1960, by Income Quintile 23
Figure 7. Change in Life Expectancy and Percentage Change in Lifetime Social Security Benefits for the 1920 and 1940 Birth Cohorts, by Earnings Deciles 25
Boxes
Box 1. Estimating Life Expectancy: Data and Methods 7
Box 2. The Impact of COVID-19 on U.S. Life Expectancy 8
Box 3. Recent Increases in Mortality Among U.S. Middle-Aged, Non-Hispanic Whites 11
Table A-1. Selected Studies on the Life Expectancy Gap by Income 34
