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Acknowledgments v
Executive Summary vi
A Framework for Digital Opportunity and Inclusion vi
What Are the Benefits of Expanded Digital Opportunity and Inclusion? vii
Who Benefits from Expanded Digital Opportunity and Inclusion? viii
What Is the State of the Evidence on Digital Opportunity and Inclusion? viii
Established Evidence viii
Emerging Evidence ix
Limited Evidence x
Charting a Road Map for Fuller Digital Opportunity and Inclusion xi
Expanding Digital Opportunity 1
Introduction 1
A Framework for Digital Opportunity and Inclusion 4
Foundational Inclusion 8
Enhanced Inclusion 8
Full Inclusion 8
Who Could Benefit from Stronger Digital Inclusion? 10
Develop Infrastructure 12
What Does Current Infrastructure Look Like? 12
Who Has Less Access to Infrastructure and What Are the Consequences? 15
What Supports Infrastructure Development? 16
Get Connected 19
What Does It Mean to Be Digitally Connected? 19
What are the Barriers to Getting Connected and Why? 20
What Helps People Get Connected? 25
Learn Skills 30
What Does It Mean to Learn Digital Skills? 30
Who Might Face Challenges Learning Skills and Why? 33
What Helps People Learn Skills? 35
Navigate Safely 38
What Risks to Privacy and Security Can People Face Online and Who Is Most at Risk? 38
How Can People Navigate Safely? 39
Use Effectively 40
What Does It Mean to Use Digital Resources Effectively? 40
Who Has Trouble Using Digital Resources Effectively, and Why? 40
What Is the Impact of Using Digital Resources Effectively? 41
Charting a Road Map for Fuller Inclusion 47
Recommendations to Strengthen Pathways to Positive Outcomes 47
Setting a Learning Agenda 51
Appendix A. Methodology 55
Literature Review 56
Appendix B. Internet Speed and Reliability 62
Fixed Infrastructure 62
Mobile Infrastructure 63
Appendix C. Common Digital Inclusion Data Sources and Measures 64
National Telecommunications and Information Administration Internet Use Survey 66
Appendix D. Additional Digital Risks 67
Health Data Vulnerabilities 67
Insecure Housing Data 67
Digital Surveillance Risk 68
Notes 69
References 72
About the Authors 81
Statement of Independence 83
