목차
Title page 1
Contents 4
Acknowledgments 6
Acronyms and Abbreviations 7
Executive Summary 8
Economics toolbox to harness the power of nature-based solutions 8
How is China doing? 9
Aiming higher: Maximizing NbS potentials for carbon and biodiversity co-benefits 10
CHAPTER 1. Introduction 13
CHAPTER 2. Methods: A Novel Approach to Assess Landscape Efficiency 17
Data and optimization procedure 18
Sustainable landscape performance metrics 19
Scenarios 20
CHAPTER 3. Assessing Potential Efficiency Improvements 21
China's position in the efficiency space and historical trends 21
Extent and spatial distribution of key ecosystems 21
Characterization of the production possibility frontier and China's evolution over time 22
Assessing current policy options 24
Aiming higher: Assessing movement toward the frontier 27
What will it take? A cost-benefit analysis 31
CHAPTER 4. Aiming Higher: Policy Pathways to the Frontier 35
ANNEX 1. Provincial Actions under Scenario CM and CB 41
Scenario CM 41
Scenario CB 42
References 44
Tables 5
Table 1. Spatial distribution of key ecosystem services 21
Table 2. Landscape efficiency scores under different land-use or land-management scenarios 26
Table 3. Ecosystem services and food production (grain) under different scenarios 29
Table 4. Costs for ecosystem restoration, cropland reclamation, and intensification 31
Table 5. Cost-benefit analysis assuming a 30-year life time 33
Figures 5
Figure 1. Example of resource-efficiency frontier 17
Figure 2. Diagram showing various performance metrics 19
Figure 3. The landscape efficiency frontier for China 22
Figure 4. Distribution of landscape efficiency scores, by country income group 23
Figure 5. Landscape efficiency frontier of each ecosystem service paired with food production in China (2015) 25
Figure 6. Production frontiers for three objectives 25
Figure 7. The landscape efficiencies of current and two policy scenarios 26
Figure 8. Maximize carbon benefits 27
Figure 9. Maximize carbon benefits while achieving the CBD 30×30 target 28
Figure 10. Changes of ecosystem services under different scenarios 29
Figure 11. Carbon sequestration and food production of each province under different scenarios 30
Figure 12. The benefits and costs of different scenarios 33
Boxes 23
Box 1. Nature's frontiers: Achieving sustainability, efficiency, and prosperity with natural capital 23
Box 2. Using GEP to value nature 32
Box 3. World Bank supported China restore its Loess Plateau while improving agricultural productivity 36
