Preface 6

1. Introduction: Concentrated Cloud Markets and the Limits of Antitrust 8

2. Gatekeeper Designation 11

2.1 Cloud Services and the DMA: The Platform-Pipeline Mismatch 11

2.2 Possible Paths to Designation 16

3. Applicable Remedies 21

3.1 A Case for “Cloud Neutrality” 21

3.2. Further Applicable Obligations: Data, Intermediation Fairness, and Identity Management 27

4. Conclusions 33

The Author 38