Title page 1

Contents 3

Acknowledgments 2

Foreword 5

Executive summary 6

CHAPTER 1. Introduction 12

Food loss and waste: Definitions and global impacts 13

Consumer-end food waste 14

The role of the private sector in considering household food waste reduction 15

The role of food retailers 17

What this playbook offers 19

CHAPTER 2. Building the playbook 20

Identifying behavior change strategies 21

Evaluating behavior change strategies 28

Developing a user-friendly framework 31

CHAPTER 3. The playbook 32

Top strategies for retailers to prioritize implementing 34

Summary of findings 36

Expert voices 38

CHAPTER 4. Short-listed strategies for food retailers to implement 40

Inform 41

Influence 44

Immerse 47

Involve 50

Additional short-listed strategies 55

CHAPTER 5. Summary and conclusions 58

Summary and main findings 59

Strengths and limitations 59

Call to action 60

Conclusion 61

Appendix A. Household food waste causes and retailer prevention action 62

Appendix B. Scientific evidence review 65

Appendix C. LexisNexis News Scan 69

Appendix D. Informational interviews 70

Appendix E. Expert survey 71

Appendix F. Results 73

Abbreviations 79

References 79

About WRI 85

TABLE 1. Complete list of behavior change strategies derived from systematic review, LexisNexis news scan, and informational interviews 25

TABLE 2. Abbreviation scheme for strategies with multiple implementation approaches 28

TABLE 3. Twenty-eight strategies rated as highly effective and feasible by survey respondents and/or by a review of the scientific evidence,... 34

FIGURE 1. EPA's Wasted Food Scale and European Commission's Waste Framework Directive 13

FIGURE 2. Contribution of consumer-end sectors to total food waste 14

FIGURE 3. Household behaviors that can lead to food waste across the food waste journey or squander sequence 15

FIGURE 4. Overview of GHG Protocol scopes and emissions across the value chain 16

FIGURE 5. Food retailer-specific upstream and downstream GHG emission sources 17

FIGURE 6. Study settings for individual trials 22

FIGURE 7. Publication year of research papers included 22

FIGURE 8. Publication location of the research studies included (n = 42 studies, 66 trials) 23

FIGURE 9. Sectors represented by survey respondents 29

FIGURE 10. Sectors represented by survey respondents 29

FIGURE 11. Sixty-six behavior change strategies for food retailers to reduce household food waste, evaluated based on expert survey responses... 33

FIGURE 12. Venn diagram of sources of effectiveness support for the strategies rated as highly feasible for food retailers to implement... 36

FIGURE 13. Example of action-related information 42

FIGURE 14. Example of messaging used in Asda's consumer food waste reduction campaign 43

FIGURE 15. Messages viewed by the control group (left) and intervention group (right) next to bread priced at the same cost 46

FIGURE 16. Comprehensive tool kit featuring low-tech gadgets to help consumers reduce food waste at home 48

FIGURE 17. Eetmaatje measuring cup distributed via Albert Heijn 48

FIGURE 18. Signage promoting cooking demonstrations delivered by professional chefs at a local shopping center 50

FIGURE 19. OzHarvest's Use It Up Tape 52

FIGURE 20. Explanation of the 3 + 1 approach 53

FIGURE 21/FIGURE 22. IKEA's ScrapsBook cookbook to combat food waste 54

TABLE B-1. Details of the search strategy to retrieve eligible primary studies from which behavior change solutions were extracted 65

TABLE B-2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria applied to papers retrieved from the search strategy 65

TABLE C-1. Strategies extracted from LexisNexis News Search 69

TABLE D-1. Consumer food waste reduction strategies sourced from interviews with academic researchers and food retailers 70

TABLE E-1. Organizations represented by survey respondents 72

TABLE F-1. Complete list of strategies and their respective survey-based feasibility and effectiveness ratings, number of studies in which they... 74

TABLE F-2. Hypothesized mechanism(s) by which strategies with ambiguous impact on household food waste may work to reduce it 78

FIGURE B-1. Systematic literature review search results and exclusions 67

FIGURE B-2. Supportive and unsupportive studies for each strategy by Figure 11 quadrant 68

FIGURE F-1. Expert-rated feasibility and scientific evidence-based effectiveness of 32 strategies with at least two studies 73