Title page 1

Contents 1

Highlights 1

Executive summary 2

Introduction 7

Methodology 7

Findings 8

Recommendations 23

Conclusion 25

Appendix. International Organization for Standardization, European, Greenhouse Gas Protocol, and Publicly Available Specification standards 26

Glossary 27

References 28

Acknowledgments 33

About the authors 33

About WRI 33

Table 1. Emissions intensity benchmarking standards developed by governments 12

Table 2. Benchmarks and standards promoted by nongovernment initiatives 16

Table 3. Key product-level emissions accounting requirements in existing standards and methodologies 20

Figure 1. Life-cycle stages and models 18

Boxes 9

Box 1. Measurement and reporting of product-level emissions 9

Box 2. Variation in benchmarking approaches 10

Box 3. Chain of custody models 19