Title page 1

Contents 1

Executive summary 2

Introduction 4

Methodology 6

(1) What are relevant technologies for the Midwestern US region to replace three billion gallons of jet fuel annually with residue-based... 6

(2) If three billion gallons of jet fuel were replaced annually by residue-based or e-fuel SAF and CDR technologies, what would be the gross... 6

Literature review results: relevant next-generation SAF technologies 8

Results of I/O modeling: economic impacts 13

Discussion 17

Policy recommendations 18

Conclusion 18

Appendix A. Methodology 19

Appendix B. Production cost data and variables 24

Appendix C. Full model results 25

Abbreviations 27

Glossary 27

Endnotes 28

References 29

Acknowledgments 32

Table 1. Feedstock efficiency and stover requirements 11

Table 2. Economic impacts by technology 13

Table 3. Direct employment and GDP contribution of modeled SAF industry and existing ethanol industry 14

Figure 1. Five ways to produce SAF or remove carbon in the Midwest 3

Figure 2. Emissions from life cycle analysis 10

Figure 3. Production cost range and the model input production cost for each technology 12

Figure 4. Annual jobs supported by replacing three billion gallons of jet fuel 15

Figure 5. Annual gross employment supported by state and by technology 15

Figure 6. Total investment needed by technology to replace three billion gallons of jet fuel annually 16

Figure 7. Jobs created per $1 million invested for each technology 16

Boxes 4

Box 1. Gross versus net economic impacts 4

Box 2. SAF policy in the United States 5

Table A-1. Distribution of AtJ facilities by state 20

Table A-2. Distribution of FT facilities by state 21

Table A-3. Distribution of PtL facilities by state 21

Table A-4. Distribution of PBtL facilities by state 22

Table A-5. Distribution of CDR facilities by state 22

Table A-6. Annual revenue to farmers from corn stover collection 23

Table C-1. Full model results 25