Foreword  3

Abstract  4

Acknowledgments  5

Executive Summary  9

1 Introduction  12

1.1. Multidimensional data space of LLL  13

1.2. From conceptual framework to data framework  15

1.3. Distinguishing data to inform research, policy design, and coordination  16

1.4. Organisation of the report  17

References  17

2 Enabling societal coordination and interactions between citizens' needs and structures  19

2.1. History and accumulation of interactions: educational careers and pathways  20

2.2. Co-ordination of learning needs: optics on who and what decides the learning needs  21

2.3. Coordination of current and future learning needs: navigating life transitions and aspirations  23

2.4. Skills surplus, deficits, and shortages: impacts on organisations and communities  23

2.5. Policy instruments for effective coordination in LLL  24

References  26

3 Conceptualising the learning needs, and demand of stakeholders  28

3.1. Learning needs and demands of citizens, organisations, communities, and nations  29

References  32

4 Understanding the prevalence and diversity of supply of learning opportunities  36

4.1. Traditional understandings of learning activities  37

4.1.1. Flexibilisation of formal education  38

4.1.2. Hybridisation of non-formal education and informal learning  39

4.2. Towards a revised conceptual framework of learning categories  40

4.3. Situated provisions across institutional clusters  41

4.3.1. Formal education cluster  43

4.3.2. Employer cluster  44

4.3.3. Welfare policy cluster  44

4.3.4. Civic cluster  45

References  46

5 Accounting for learning outcomes as key drivers of coordination, demand and supply  52

5.1. Setting, valuing, and researching learning objectives and outcomes for effective coordination  53

5.2. Approaches to understanding and assessing learning needs and outcomes  55

6 Distinguishing data purposes and needs: informing research, policy design, and coordination needs  57

6.1. Research: uncovering patterns, relationships, insights and nuances  58

6.2. Policy design: informing the policy process  58

6.3. Coordination: aligning needs and opportunities  59

References  60

7 Toward furthering data and indicator development  61

7.1. Cross-sectional surveys development  62

7.2. Longitudinal survey development  63

7.3. Administrative data development in international contexts: negotiations, concepts, and comparative indicators  64

7.4. Cumulative records of qualifications and capabilities: managing transitions  64

7.5. Data integration: combining survey, administrative, and big data sources  66

7.6. References  67

8 Conclusion and recommendations  69

8.1. Summary of framework  70

8.1.1. Bridging conceptual foundations to data focus: methods, tools, and examples  70

8.1.2. Key insights from the framework  71

8.2. Suggestions for implementation  72

8.2.1. Demand: enhancing needs assessment  72

8.2.2. Supply: expanding provision mapping  73

8.2.3. Coordination: strengthening systemic alignment  73

8.2.4. Cross-cutting: building resilient LLL ecosystems  74

8.3. Next steps  74

8.4. References  75