LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES  v

ABBREVIATIONS  ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS  x

FOREWORD  xii

PREFACE  xiv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  xvi

1 OVERVIEW  1

1.1 Objective and Background of the Report  1

1.2 Health is Wealth  2

1.3 Nature and Health: Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services for Health  3

1.4 Building on the Planetary Health Paradigm  4

1.5 Financing for Climate, Nature and Health  5

2 ADDRESSING AIR POLLUTION: INFRASTRUCTURE, POLICIES AND HEALTH IMPACTS  11

2.1 Air Quality Trends in China, India and Indonesia  12

2.2 Effects of Retirement of Coal-fired Power Plants on China's Air Quality  15

2.3 Effects of the Response Action Plan on Air Quality in India  19

2.4 Chapter Concluding Remarks  22

3 IN DEEP WATER: CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON WATER SYSTEMS AND HUMAN HEALTH  25

3.1 The Effect of Flooding and Rainfall on Water- and Vector-borne Diseases  25

3.2 Gender Disparities in Health Risks from Water- and Vector-borne Diseases  33

3.3 Role of Infrastructure in Mitigating the Impact of Climate-related Health Hazards  35

4 HEAT-RELATED HEALTH STRESS AND INFRASTRUCTURE: EVIDENCE FROM SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA  43

4.1 Introduction: Climate Change, Extreme Heat and Health Impact  43

4.2 Extreme Heat in South and Southeast Asia  45

4.3 Methodology  48

4.4 Data  49

4.5 Results: Health Impacts of Extreme Heat in South and Southeast Asia Countries  52

4.6 The Role of Infrastructure in Mitigating Heat-related Health Risks  55

4.7 Chapter Concluding Remarks  62

5 CHEMICAL HAZARD AND HEALTH: LEAD – AN OLD POISON WITH NEW CHALLENGES  63

5.1 Lead and Why It Is Widely Used  63

5.2 Effects and Burden of Lead Exposure  64

5.3 Sources of Lead and Exposure  68

5.4 Lead Acid Batteries and the Green Energy Transition  70

5.5 Tools and Strategies for Tackling Lead Exposure from the Battery and Lead Industry  74

5.6 Chapter Concluding Remarks  75

6 THE GRAND PANDEMIC: ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN ASIA  77

6.1 Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Threat to Global Health  78

6.2 The Health and Economic Impacts of Antimicrobial Resistance: Evidence Thus Far  79

6.3 Applying a Standard Model to Estimate Antimicrobial Resistance Impacts for Select AIIB Members  80

6.4 The Cost of Inaction on AMR, Significant Upsides If AMR Is Eliminated  84

6.5 Reducing the Burden: Which Policy Interventions are Most Effective?  86

6.6 Implications for Policymakers and Infrastructure Investors  89

7 NATURE AND HUMAN HEALTH  91

7.1 Why Nature Matters to Human Health  91

7.2 Infrastructure, Nature and Human Health  94

7.3 Investing in Nature for Health and the Role of Infrastructure  99

7.4 Chapter Concluding Remarks  101

8 ONE HEALTH APPROACH TO ZOONOTIC DISEASES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES  103

8.1 Interconnectedness of Human, Animal and Environmental Health in a Globalized World  103

8.2 Key Implementation Challenges  105

8.3 South-South Collaboration: Lessons Learned from One Health Projects in Southeast Asia  106

9 WHY HEALTH MEANS SO MUCH: CROSS-COUNTRY ESTIMATES OF HEALTH BURDENS ON THE LABOR FORCE  109

9.1 Health Impact on the Labor Force: Evidence Thus Far  109

9.2 WHO Disability-adjusted Life Years  111

9.3 Estimating Premature Mortality Impact on the Labor Force  117

9.4 Estimating Morbidity Impact on the Labor Force  118

9.5 Chapter Concluding Remarks  120

10 CONCLUDING REMARKS  127

10.1 Accessible, Resilient, Green and Inclusive Healthcare Infrastructure  128

10.2 Infrastructure with Health Co-benefits  129

10.3 Nature as Infrastructure and Nature for Health  130

APPENDICES  133

Appendix 1: Data and Estimations for Chapter 2  133

Appendix 2: Data and Estimations for Chapter 3  136

Appendix 3: Data and Estimations for Chapter 9  140

REFERENCES  144