Objective of this briefing 1

Setting the scene: COP31 in its UNFCCC trajectory 2

Where COP30 leaves us: the Belém legacy 2

The Santa Marta First Conference on Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels 3

The SB64 Bonn Climate Meetings 3

Table 1. What SB64 delivered on each flagship issue and the mandate handed to COP31 4

The Belém implementation vehicles 5

Why the Global Goal on Adaptation failed: the highest-weight deadlock 6

The sectoral frontier: shipping, aviation, hydrogen, CDR and non-CO2 6

Looking ahead: what to watch before and at COP31 6

References 7