Abstract 3

Foreword 4

Acknowledgements 5

  Authors 5

Executive summary 6

1. Introduction 9

  1.1. Geopolitical context of the development of hydrogen technologies 9

  1.2. EU policy context 11

  1.3. Hydrogen technologies considered in this assessment 11

  1.4. Final list of materials and components investigated in this report 17

2. Supply chain mapping and risk analysis 19

  2.1. Principal raw and processed materials 19

  2.2. Components and systems manufacturing capacities 31

3. Materials demand analysis 37

  3.1. Scenarios description 37

  3.2. Results 45

4. Mitigation measures 54

  4.1. Potential of implementing circularity and resource efficiency strategies for materials in hydrogen technologies 54

  4.2. Technological reallocation or materials substitution 66

  4.3. Strategic stockpiling of CRM 67

  4.4. Considerations on the influence of the capacity factor of electrolysers on the materials demand 68

  4.5. Bill-of-materials reporting in publicly funded projects as the basis for an early warning system 69

  4.6. Development of new simulation-based criticality methodologies to assess the criticality of materials for hydrogen technologies 69

5. Conclusion and policy recommendations 71

  5.1. Conclusion 71

  5.2. Policy recommendations 72

References 74

List of abbreviations and definitions 86

List of figures 89

List of tables 91

Annexes 92

  Annex 1. Materials circularity and resource efficiency data 92

  Projections of material intensity and lifetime for electrolyser stacks 92

  Data for the dynamic material flow analysis 94

  Annex 1 specific references 97

  Annex 2. Model used for the calculations of the materials demand in chapter 3 100

  Calculations and model description 100

  Limitations of the model 101