1. Introduction 1

2. Previous Literature 3

3. Education and Climate in Cambodia 5

  3.1. Cambodian Education System 5

  3.2. Cambodian Climate 6

4. Data 7

  4.1. Climate Data 7

  4.2. Education Management Information System Dataset 10

  4.3. 12th Grade National Examination 11

  4.4. Climate and Test Scores Associations 13

  4.5. Summary Statistics of Main Variables 14

5. Empirical Strategy 15

6. Results: Cumulative Effects of Heat Exposure 18

  6.1. Primary Results 18

  6.2. Heterogeneity in Effects by Gender 19

  6.3. Heterogeneity in Effects by Urban–Rural Status 21

  6.4. Heterogeneity in Effects by Average School Level Temperature Exposure 22

  6.5. Results by Type of Subject 25

  6.6. Heterogeneity by Student Achievement 26

  6.7. Effect on the Likelihood of Failing 26

7. Discussion 28

  7.1. Gendered Dimensions of Vulnerability 29

  7.2. Spatial Inequality and the Role of Baseline Climate 29

  7.3. Limitations 29

8. Policy Implications 30